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Sailor Moon
Sailor Moon and her Sailor Guardians fight to protect the universe from forces of evil and total annihilation.
Created by Naoko Takeuchi | MoreLess about Sailor Moon
SAILOR MOON is the quintessential magical girl phenomenon beloved worldwide that chronicles the adventures of a 14-year-old girl and her friends, chosen by destiny to defeat the forces of evil. Told between two beautiful anime series, SAILOR MOON has become cherished by fans for over 20 years.
Sailor Moon
Usagi Tsukino is a clumsy but kindhearted teenage girl who transforms into the powerful guardian of love and justice, Sailor Moon. Meeting allies along the way who share similar fates, Usagi and her team of planetary Sailor Guardians fight to protect the universe from forces of evil and total annihilation.
Sailor Moon Crystal
Based on Naoko Takeuchi’s mega-hit graphic novel series, Sailor Moon Crystal retells the origins of Sailor Moon, the kindhearted crybaby destined to protect the world from dark forces. When the evil Queen Metalia and her Dark Kingdom threatens Earth, Sailor Moon and her fellow Sailor Guardians must find the only power capable of vanquishing this ancient evil—The Legendary Silver Crystal! But a mysterious man calling himself Tuxedo Mask is also after this sacred treasure. What is his connection to Sailor Moon? And will the Sailor Guardians be able to find the Silver Crystal in time before the world falls into eternal darkness?
Sailor Moon
Usagi Tsukino is a clumsy but kindhearted teenage girl who transforms into the powerful guardian of love and justice, Sailor Moon. Meeting allies along the way who share similar fates, Usagi and her team of planetary Sailor Guardians fight to protect the universe from forces of evil and total annihilation.
Sailor Moon Crystal
Based on Naoko Takeuchi’s mega-hit graphic novel series, Sailor Moon Crystal retells the origins of Sailor Moon, the kindhearted crybaby destined to protect the world from dark forces. When the evil Queen Metalia and her Dark Kingdom threatens Earth, Sailor Moon and her fellow Sailor Guardians must find the only power capable of vanquishing this ancient evil—The Legendary Silver Crystal! But a mysterious man calling himself Tuxedo Mask is also after this sacred treasure. What is his connection to Sailor Moon? And will the Sailor Guardians be able to find the Silver Crystal in time before the world falls into eternal darkness?
Sailor Moon | |
美少女戦士セーラームーン (Bishōjo Senshi Sērāmūn) | |
---|---|
Genre | Magical girl |
Anime television series | |
Sailor Moon | |
Directed by | Junichi Sato |
Produced by | Iriya Azuma Kenji Ōta |
Written by | Sukehiro Tomita |
Music by | Takanori Arisawa |
Studio | Toei Animation |
Licensed by | |
Original network | TV Asahi |
English network | Seven Network, Network Ten, Fox Kids Fox Kids, GMTV Cartoon Network, Syndication |
Original run | March 7, 1992 – February 27, 1993 |
Episodes | 46 (List of episodes) |
Anime television series | |
Sailor Moon R[1][2] | |
Directed by | Kunihiko Ikuhara Junichi Sato (co-director, eps. 1−13) |
Produced by | Iriya Azuma Kenji Ōta |
Written by | Sukehiro Tomita |
Music by | Takanori Arisawa |
Studio | Toei Animation |
Licensed by | |
Original network | TV Asahi |
English network | Seven Network, Network Ten, Fox Kids Fox Kids, GMTV |
Original run | March 6, 1993 – March 12, 1994 |
Episodes | 43 (List of episodes) |
Anime television series | |
Sailor Moon S[3][4] | |
Directed by | Kunihiko Ikuhara |
Produced by | Iriya Azuma Kenji Ōta |
Written by | Yōji Enokido |
Music by | Takanori Arisawa |
Studio | Toei Animation |
Licensed by | |
Original network | TV Asahi |
English network | Cartoon Network (Toonami) |
Original run | March 19, 1994 – February 25, 1995 |
Episodes | 38 (List of episodes) |
Anime television series | |
Sailor Moon SuperS[5][6] | |
Directed by | Kunihiko Ikuhara |
Produced by | Iriya Azuma Toshihiko Arisako Kenji Ōta Kōichi Yada |
Written by | Yōji Enokido |
Music by | Takanori Arisawa |
Studio | Toei Animation |
Licensed by | |
Original network | TV Asahi |
English network | Cartoon Network (Toonami) |
Original run | March 4, 1995 – March 2, 1996 |
Episodes | 39 (List of episodes) |
Anime television series | |
Sailor Moon: Sailor Stars[7][8] | |
Directed by | Takuya Igarashi |
Produced by | Toshihiko Arisako Kenji Ōta Kōichi Yada |
Written by | Ryota Yamaguchi |
Music by | Takanori Arisawa |
Studio | Toei Animation |
Licensed by | |
Original network | TV Asahi |
Original run | March 9, 1996 – February 8, 1997 |
Episodes | 34 (List of episodes) |
Anime films | |
|
Sailor Moon,[9][10] known in Japan as Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon (Japanese: 美少女戦士セーラームーンHepburn: Bishōjo Senshi Sērā Mūn), is a 1992 Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation using Super Sentai motifs. It is based on the manga of the same title written by Naoko Takeuchi that was published from 1991 to 1997 in Nakayoshi. Sailor Moon first aired in Japan on TV Asahi from March 7, 1992, to February 8, 1997, and was dubbed into various territories around the world, including the United States, Australia, Europe and Latin America.
The series follows the adventures of the protagonist Usagi Tsukino, a middle school student who is given the power to become the titular Sailor Soldier. Joined by other Sailor Soldiers, they defend Earth against an assortment of evil villains. The anime also parallels the maturation of Usagi from an emotional middle school girl to a responsible young adult.
Due to the success of the anime in the United States, the manga comprising its story was released by Tokyopop. Sailor Moon's popularity has spawned numerous releases which have come to represent most of the content in the Sailor Moon universe, including 3 films, 39 video games, and numerous soundtracks stemming from this material. A second animated adaptation, Sailor Moon Crystal, began streaming worldwide from July 2014 onwards.
- 1Plot
- 2Production and broadcasting
- 2.1English dub production and broadcast
- 4Related media
Plot[edit]
Sailor Moon (1992–1993)[edit]
A 14-year-old underachieving young sailor-suited schoolgirl named Usagi Tsukino meets a magical talking cat named Luna. Luna gives Usagi the ability to transform into her magical alter ego — Sailor Moon — tasked with locating the moon princess and battling the evil forces of the Dark Kingdom. The Dark Kingdom — led by Queen Beryl — summons various monsters called Youma in order to sap energy from humans and feed it to an evil entity known as Queen Metaria. They also seek the Silver Crystal (「幻の銀水晶」Maboroshi no Ginzuishō, lit. 'Phantom Silver Crystal'), a gem capable of limitless power.
Usagi transforms into Sailor Moon for the first time, and overreacts to her new look.
As Usagi battles against the Dark Kingdom, she is joined by other girls also awakening as Sailor Soldiers: the timid but intelligent Ami Mizuno (Sailor Mercury), the hot-headed miko Rei Hino (Sailor Mars), the tomboyish but romantic Makoto Kino (Sailor Jupiter), and the aspiring idol Minako Aino (Sailor Venus). Minako is joined by Artemis, her feline advisor and Luna's partner. The Sailor Soldiers are often supported by the mysterious Tuxedo Mask whose civilian form is Mamoru Chiba, a college student with whom Usagi eventually becomes romantically involved.
After continually thwarting the Dark Kingdom and defeating several of its generals, Usagi awakens as the moon princess — Princess Serenity — and acquires the Silver Crystal. However, Mamoru is captured by the Dark Kingdom and brainwashed to work for them. The Sailor Soldiers learn of their past lives on Silver Millennium, an ancient kingdom on the moon. The Sailor Soldiers served as Serenity's friends and bodyguards, and Serenity fell in love with a prince from Earth named Endymion (Mamoru's past identity). However, the Dark Kingdom attacked and destroyed Silver Millennium, resulting in the deaths of Serenity, Endymion, and the Sailor Soldiers. Serenity's mother — Queen Serenity — used the power of the Silver Crystal to vanquish Queen Metaria and end the war. She also used the crystal to send the fallen into the future to be reborn on Earth, hoping to give them a second chance at peace.
The Sailor Soldiers eventually pinpoint the location of the Dark Kingdom at the North Pole and travel there. However, Usagi's friends are killed trying to protect her from Queen Beryl's monsters, the DD Girls. Usagi faces Mamoru alone and is forced to strike him down. Using the Silver Crystal, she then faces Queen Beryl (who has fused with Queen Metaria). Defeating her with the help of the fallen Sailor Soldiers spirits and the Silver Crystal's power. She then uses the last of the Silver Crystal's power to resurrect the Sailor Soldiers and Mamoru with one wish that they all get to live normal lives again. Everything on Earth is returned to normal, and no one (but Luna and Artemis) retain any memories of these events.
Sailor Moon R (1993–1994)[edit]
Some time later, a pair of extraterrestrials named Ail and Ann descend onto Earth with the Hell Tree which feeds on human energy. Ail and Ann summon monsters from cards — called Cardians — to prey on humans. In order to defend against these attacks, Luna and Artemis restore the Sailor Soldiers' memories. Eventually, Ail and Ann are defeated, see the error of their ways, and return to space with the Makai Tree. During these events, Mamoru is able to reclaim his lost memories and begins a romantic relationship with Usagi.
Shortly after these events, a pink-haired girl named Chibiusa falls from the sky. Chibiusa traveled from the future in order to find the Silver Crystal and use it to save her parents. She is followed by the Black Moon Clan, a new enemy force that is trying to kill her. Eventually, the Sailor Soldiers and Tuxedo Mask travel with Chibiusa to the future where Usagi rules Crystal Tokyo as Neo-Queen Serenity. They learn that Chibiusa is actually Usagi and Mamoru's future daughter, and they also meet Sailor Pluto who guards the Door of Space-Time. Eventually, the Sailor Soldiers battle against Wiseman, a dark force that was manipulating the Black Moon Clan with the intention of destroying Earth. Chibiusa is able to summon the Silver Crystal of the future and aids in the destruction of Wiseman. Afterwards, Chibiusa returns to her own time, now freed from the Black Moon Clan's corruption.
Sailor Moon S (1994–1995)[edit]
Some time later, the Sailor Soldiers encounter the Death Busters, an evil organization that is summoning monsters called Daimons to steal Heart Crystals from humans. Their intention is to locate three specific Heart Crystals that contain special Talismans. Joining the Sailor Soldiers are Haruka Tenoh and Michiru Kaioh, who operate as Sailor Uranus and Sailor Neptune respectively. The two are also seeking the Talismans for different purposes and come into conflict with the other Sailor Soldiers. Sailor Pluto returns to the present day as Setsuna Meioh; Chibiusa also returns, now donning her own magical girl identity of Sailor Chibi Moon.
The Death Busters eventually discover that Haruka and Michiru hold two of the Talismans and acquire them at the cost of their lives, but Setsuna — who holds the third — revives them. The Talismans create the Holy Grail, allowing Usagi to acquire a second form: Super Sailor Moon. The Death Busters' intentions then change to harvesting Heart Crystals en masse to resurrect the malevolent entity known as Mistress 9. Chibiusa also befriends a sickly girl named Hotaru, unaware that she is the daughter of the Death Busters' leader, Professor Tomoe. Unknown to her, Hotaru is also Sailor Saturn, a Sailor Soldier capable of destroying and rebirthing entire planets. Haruka, Michiru and Setsuna fear that her awakening will result in Earth's destruction and plead for Usagi to kill her.
Mistress 9 is revealed to have been residing within Hotaru's body and awakens upon stealing Chibiusa's Heart Crystal. She then tricks Usagi into handing over the Holy Grail, allowing her to summon Pharaoh 90 to destroy the Earth. Hotaru awakens as Sailor Saturn and intends to sacrifice herself to stop Pharaoh 90, but Usagi is able to activate her Super form to both destroy Pharaoh 90 and rescue Hotaru. Afterwards, Hotaru is reborn as a baby and returned to her father, now freed from the influence of the Death Busters.
Sailor Moon SuperS (1995–1996)[edit]
Chibiusa remains in the present day to train as a Sailor Soldier. She meets an alicorn named Pegasus who forms a secret relationship with her through her dreams. Pegasus also aids the Sailor Soldiers by upgrading them to permanent Super forms and lending his power when summoned by Chibiusa. The new powers are used to combat the Dead Moon Circus, a mysterious circus troupe that targets humans with beautiful dreams. By looking into their Dream Mirrors, they hope to find the dream in which Pegasus is hiding, believing Pegasus possesses the Golden Crystal. With this crystal, the Dead Moon Circus's ruler — Queen Nehelenia — can be freed from the mirror she was sealed in.
Queen Nehelenia was once a queen of her own kingdom that was absorbed by vanity. In fear of losing her beauty, she consumed the dreams of her subjects to stay young. She sought the Golden Crystal in the possession of a priest named Helios (Pegasus's true form) and was sealed within a mirror by Queen Serenity as a result. Queen Nehelenia formed the Dead Moon Circus and used Zirconia as a proxy to track Pegasus down. Although she obtains the Golden Crystal, she is betrayed by the Amazoness Quartet who gives the crystal to Chibiusa. Using the crystal, Queen Nehelenia is defeated and begins to wither with age, forcing her back into the mirror she was once sealed within. Helios returns to his home world of Elysion.
Sailor Moon Sailor Stars (1996–1997)[edit]
Queen Nehelenia returns when Sailor Galaxia frees her and encourages her to seek revenge against the Sailor Soldiers. She targets Mamoru and places a curse on him that will ultimately kill him and erase Chibiusa from existence. The Sailor Soldiers enter Queen Nehelenia's nightmare dimension to stop her. Usagi eventually comes to pity Queen Nehelenia's plight and is able to rid her of her negativity by activating her final form, Eternal Sailor Moon.
Shortly after these events, Mamoru leaves for the United States to study abroad while Usagi and her friends enter high school. Chibiusa also returns to her own time. A group of enemies called the Sailor Animamates — led by Sailor Galaxia — begin targeting humans for their Star Seeds (which serve as a human's life force). Usagi is also aided by the Sailor Starlights — Seiya Kou (Sailor Star Fighter), Taiki Kou (Sailor Star Maker), and Yaten Kou (Sailor Star Healer) — who disguise themselves as an idol group named the Three Lights. The Starlights are searching for their ruler, Princess Kakyuu. A young girl — nicknamed Chibi Chibi because of her inability to say anything other than 'chibi' — also appears and begins living with Usagi.
Sailor Galaxia's past is eventually revealed. She once ended the Sailor Wars by sealing Chaos — the source of all malice — within her body. Unable to resist Chaos's influence, she separated her Star Seed from her body, and it took the form of Chibi Chibi. Sailor Galaxia steals the Star Seeds of Usagi's companions, resulting in their deaths. This includes Mamoru who was targeted before he arrived in the United States. Chibi Chibi transforms into the Sword of Sealing and urges Usagi to kill Sailor Galaxia. However, Usagi instead uses the kindness in her own heart to free Sailor Galaxia of Chaos's corruption, effectively resurrecting all of the Sailor Soldiers whose Star Seeds were taken. With normalcy restored, Usagi and Mamoru share a kiss under a full moon.
Production and broadcasting[edit]
Naoko Takeuchi developed the Sailor Moon anime for one season. Due to the season's popularity, Toei Animation asked Takeuchi to keep drawing her manga. At first, she struggled with developing another storyline to extend the series due to Toei's request. The basic idea of the second season, introducing the daughter of Sailor Moon from the future, came from her editor, Fumio Osano.[11]Sailor Moon is adapted from the 52 chapters of the series which was published in Nakayoshi from 1991–1997 and was directed by Junichi Satō, Kunihiko Ikuhara and Takuya Igarashi.[12] It premiered in Japan on TV Asahi on March 7, 1992, taking over the timeslot previously held by Goldfish Warning!,[citation needed] and ran for 200 episodes until its conclusion on February 8, 1997.
Because the manga was often published during the anime's production, the anime would only lag the manga by a month or two.[13]:93 As a result, 'the anime follows the storyline of the manga fairly closely.'[14] Takeuchi has stated that due to Toei's largely male production staff, she feels that the anime version has 'a slight male perspective.'[14]
Sailor Moon sparked a highly successful merchandising campaign of over 5,000 items,[15] which contributed to demand internationally and translation into numerous languages. Sailor Moon has since become one of the most famous anime properties in the world.[16][17] Due to its resurgence of popularity in Japan, the series was rebroadcast on September 1, 2009. The series also began rebroadcasting in Italy in Autumn 2010, receiving permission from Naoko Takeuchi, who released new artwork to promote its return.[18]
Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon consists of five separate seasons, titled Sailor Moon, Sailor Moon R, Sailor Moon S, Sailor Moon SuperS and Sailor Moon: Sailor Stars, respectively. The seasons each roughly correspond to one of the five major story arcs of the manga, following the same general storyline and including most of the same characters.[13]:93 Toei also developed five special animated shorts.
The anime series was sold as 20 volumes in Japan. By the end of 1995, each volume had sold approximately 300,000 copies.[13]:95
English dub production and broadcast[edit]
In 1995, after a bidding war with Toon Makers, who wanted to produce an American live-action/animated hybrid adaptation,[19]DIC Entertainment L.P. (now DHX Media) licensed the first two seasons of Sailor Moon for an English-language release in North America.[20] The Mississauga-based Optimum Productions was hired to dub the anime. Bob Summers wrote a new background score.[note 1] DIC had mandated cuts to content and length, which reduced the first 89 episodes into 82.[note 2] Their adaptation was created to capitalize on the success of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers.[21][22]
The series premiered in Canada on August 28, 1995 on YTV and in first-run syndication in the U.S. on September 11, but halted production in November 1995 after two seasons due to low ratings.[23][24] Despite moderate success in Canada, the U.S. airing struggled in early morning 'dead' timeslots;[25] the series originally aired in the U.S. in morning and afternoon timeslots which Anne Allison describes as unsuitable for the target audience.[21] In contrast, due to the dubbing process being done in Canada, the series was considered Canadian enough to be screened in primetime as local content.[26] After the series was cancelled, a fan petition that garnered over 12,500 signatures was created.[27] This was later considered an early example of successful fan activism.[26] In 1997, re-runs of this cancelled dub began airing on USA Network. That same year, production on the series' English dub was resumed with the last 17 episodes of the second season, Sailor Moon R, and was broadcast in Canada from September 20 to November 21, 1997 to wrap up lingering plot lines.[28]On June 1, 1998, reruns of the series began airing on Cartoon Network's weekday afternoon programming block, Toonami. Due to the success of these reruns, the remaining seventeen episodes also aired on the block. In 1999, Cloverway Inc. once again contracted Optimum Productions to produce English-language adaptations of Sailor Moon S and Sailor Moon SuperS, with Pioneer Entertainment handling home video distribution. This dub featured less censorship and was first broadcast on YTV in Canada, and later on Toonami in the United States. The dub finished airing on Toonami on September 13, 2002; in 2003, ADV and Pioneer lost the distribution rights to the first 159/166 episodes, as well as the three films.[29][unreliable source]
Due to the series' resurgence of popularity in Japan, re-runs of the Sailor Moon series began on September 1, 2009 on Animax.[18] In 2010, Toei negotiated to license and broadcast Sailor Moon in Italy on Mediaset, resulting in an international revival.[30] Later, Toei licensed Sailor Moon episodes to countries which the show has not been aired before. On May 16, 2014, North American manga and anime distributor Viz Media announced that it had acquired the Sailor Moon anime series, as well as the three films and specials for an English-language release in North America, allowing Viz to restore the removed content from the first 89 episodes. The Studio City, Los Angeles-based Studiopolis was also hired by Viz to re-dub the entire series.[31][32] The series began streaming in the United States on Neon Alley and Hulu on May 19, 2014,[31] and in Canada on Tubi TV on July 15, 2016.[33] On November 28, 2014, Australian manga and anime publisher Madman Entertainment announced that they had re-acquired the rights to the 'Sailor Moon' anime series for Australia & New Zealand and will release the series in uncut format with the Viz Media English adaptation in 2015.[34] Madman Entertainment had previously held the Australian licence for Sailor Moon on VHS & DVD until DiC lost the English-language rights.[35]
Editing[edit]
During the original North American airing, some bathing scenes involving brief nudity were censored.
Sailor Moon's original North American release was the subject of heavy editing which resulted in large amounts of removed content and alterations that greatly changed the original work.[36] Much of these changes included altering every aspect of the show from character names, clothing, scenes and dialogue of the show. Some scenes of brief nudity and bathing were also censored,[37] and any type of violence including violence against children were also removed.[21][38] Homosexual characters, including Zoisite, Fisheye, Kunzite, Sailor Uranus, and Sailor Neptune were also censored, with the former two's gender changed from male to female, and the latter two being explained as relatives rather than lovers.[39] Changing evil characters' genders to female also had the side-effect of creating more diverse female characterizations, as the evil female characters did not have the same body type.[26]
Viz Media's release restores all of the content that was cut from the original Japanese version, including scenes that were censored by Optimum Productions at the request of DiC and Cloverway.[40]
Music[edit]
Takanori Arisawa composed the score for Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon. Arisawa earned the Golden Disk Grand Prize from Columbia Records for his work on the first series soundtrack in 1993. In 1998, 2000, and 2001 Arisawa won three consecutive JASRAC International Awards for most international royalties, owing largely to the popularity of Sailor Moon music in other nations.[41]
The first opening theme, titled 'Moonlight Densetsu' (ムーンライト伝説Mūnraito Densetsu, lit. 'Moonlight Legend'), was used for the first 166 episodes. 'Moonlight Densetsu' was initially performed by DALI for the first two seasons,[42][43] and then by Moon Lips for the next two seasons.[44][45] The second opening theme, used for the remaining episodes, is Sailor Star Song performed by Kae Hanazawa.[46] The last ending theme, used for the series finale at episode 200, is Moon Lips's version of 'Moonlight Densetsu'.[12]
The DiC/Cloverway/Optimum English adaptation of the anime series used the melody of 'Moonlight Densetsu', but with very different lyrics. At the time, it was unusual for anime theme songs to be translated, and this was one of the first such themes to be redone in English since Star Blazers.[47] The English theme has been described as 'inane but catchy.'[48] The Japanese theme is a love song based on the relationship between Usagi and Mamoru ('born on the same Earth'), whereas the English Sailor Moon theme rather resembles a superhero anthem.
'Moonlight Densetsu' was released as a CD single in March 1992, and was an 'explosive hit.'[49] 'Moonlight Densetsu' won first place in the Song category in Animage's 15th and 16th Anime Grand Prix.[50][51] It came seventh in the 17th Grand Prix, and 'Moon Revenge' from Sailor Moon R: The Movie, came eighth.[52] Rashiku Ikimasho, the second closing song for SuperS, placed eighteenth in 1996.[53] In 1997, 'Sailor Star Song', the new opening theme for Sailor Stars, came eleventh, and 'Moonlight Densetsu' came sixteenth.[54]
Related media[edit]
Home releases[edit]
In Japan, Sailor Moon received VHS releases during its run. The first VHS was released on July 25, 1993.[55]Sailor Moon did not receive a DVD release until 2002. Mass-produced individual 6-episode DVDs were released beginning on May 21, 2002.[56]
In 2014, Viz Media announced plans to release the series in both Blu-ray Disc and DVD format, with the first set released on November 11, 2014.[57] In addition, the first twenty-three episodes of their redub premiered on the streaming sites, Hulu and Neon Alley, beginning September 5, 2014.[58] The first part of season one was released on DVD and Limited Edition Blu-ray on November 11, 2014 and the second part was released on February 10, 2015.[59][60]
The first half of Sailor Moon R was released on Blu-ray and DVD on July 14, 2015[61].
Films[edit]
During its broadcast run, three theatrical animated Sailor Moon films were produced. The films were usually released in December in accordance with the winter vacations of Japanese schools. They were typically double features paired up with other anime films, and were thus, usually an hour or less in length. The films themselves offer contradictions in both chronology and design that make them incompatible with a single continuity. The first was Sailor Moon R: The Movie in 1993, followed by Sailor Moon S: The Movie in 1994, and finally Sailor Moon SuperS: The Movie in 1995.[62][63][64]
Reception and legacy[edit]
Originally planned to run for only six months, the Sailor Moon anime repeatedly continued due to its popularity, concluding after a five-year run.[65] In Japan, it aired every Saturday night in prime time at 7 p.m,[15][66] and its run there was very popular, with an average viewer ratings of 11–12% for most of the series run.[15][67] Commentators detect in the anime adaptation of Sailor Moon 'a more shonen tone', appealing to a wider audience than the manga, which aimed squarely at teenage girls.[68] The media franchise became one of the most successful Japan has ever had, reaching $1.5 billion in merchandise sales during the first three years. Ten years after the series completion, the series featured among the top thirty of TV Asahi's Top 100 anime polls in 2005 and 2006.[16][17] The anime series won the Animage Anime Grand Prix prize in 1993.[50] Sales of Sailor Moon fashion-dolls overtook those of Licca-chan in the 1990s; Mattel attributed this to the 'fashion-action' blend of the Sailor Moon storyline. Doll accessories included both fashion items and the Sailor Soldiers' weapons.[21]
Sailor Moon has also become popular internationally. Spain and France became the first countries outside Japan to air Sailor Moon, beginning in December 1993.[62] Other countries followed suit, including Australia, South Korea, the Philippines (Sailor Moon became one of its carrier network's main draws, helping it to become the third-biggest network in the country), Poland, Italy, Mexico, Brazil, Sweden and Hong Kong, before North America picked up the franchise for adaptation.[69]:10–11 In 2001, the Sailor Moon manga was Tokyopop's best selling property, outselling the next-best selling titles by at least a factor of 1.5.[70]
Critics have commended the anime series for its portrayal of strong friendships,[71] as well as for its large cast of 'strikingly different' characters who have different dimensions and aspects to them as the story continues,[72] and for an ability to appeal to a wide audience.[73] Writer Nicolas Penedo attributes the success of Sailor Moon to its fusion of the shōjo manga genre of magical girls with the Super Sentai fighting teams.[68] According to Martha Cornog and Timothy Perper, Sailor Moon became popular because of its 'strongly-plotted action with fight scenes, rescues' and its 'emphasis on feelings and relationships', including some 'sexy romance' between Usagi and Mamoru.[74] Usagi and Mamoru's romance has been seen as an archetype where the lovers 'become more than the sum of their parts', promising to be together forever.[75] In contrast, others see Sailor Moon as campy[76] and melodramatic. Criticism has singled out its use of formulaic plots, monsters of the day,[77] and stock footage.[78]
Patrick Drazen states that Sailor Moon has two kinds of villains, the 'monster of the day' and the 'thinking, feeling humans.' Although this is common in anime and manga, it is 'almost unheard of in the West.'[69]:284 Despite the series' apparent popularity among Western anime fandom, the dubbed version of the series received poor ratings in the United States when it was initially broadcast in syndication and did not do well in DVD sales in the United Kingdom.[79]Anne Allison attributes the lack of popularity in the United States primarily to poor marketing (in the United States, the series was initially broadcast at times which did not suit the target audience – weekdays at 9:00 a. m. and 2:00 pm). Executives connected with Sailor Moon suggest that poor localization played a role.[21] British authors Helen McCarthy and Jonathan Clements go further, calling the dub 'indifferent', and suggesting that Sailor Moon was put in 'dead' timeslots due to local interests.[25] The British distributor, MVM Films, attributed the low sales to the United Kingdom release being of the dub only, and that major retailers refused to support the show leading to the DVD release appealing to neither children nor older anime fans.[79]
Due to anti-Japanese sentiment, most Japanese media other than anime was banned for several decades in South Korea. A producer in KBS 'did not even try to buy' Sailor Moon because the producer thought it would not pass the censorship laws, but as of April 1997, Sailor Moon was airing on KBS 2 without issues and was 'enormously' popular.[80]
Notes[edit]
- ^Sailor Moon end credits (DiC dub, 1995)
- ^Sailor Moon DIC/Optimum dub, episodes 1-82 (1-89 uncut)
References[edit]
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- ^'美少女戦士セーラームーンR DVD‐COLLECTION Vol. 2(完)'. toei-video.co.jp. Toei Video. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
- ^'美少女戦士セーラームーンS DVD‐COLLECTION Vol. 1'. toei-video.co.jp. Toei Video. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
- ^'美少女戦士セーラームーンS DVD‐COLLECTION Vol. 2(完)'. toei-video.co.jp. Toei Video. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
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The American Sailor Moon even translated the Japanese show's signature opening song more or less intact, one of the few anime adaptations since Star Blazers to do so.
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External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Sailor Moon (TV series) |
- Official website‹See Tfd›(in Japanese)
- Sailor Moon (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sailor_Moon_(TV_series)&oldid=903958478'
Sailor Moon | |
First tankōbon volume, released in Japan on July 6, 1992 featuring Usagi Tsukino as Sailor Moon. | |
美少女戦士セーラームーン (Bishōjo Senshi Sērāmūn) | |
---|---|
Genre | Magical girl |
Manga | |
Written by | Naoko Takeuchi |
Published by | Kodansha |
English publisher | Penguin Books Australia Turnaround Publisher Services |
Demographic | Shōjo |
Magazine | Nakayoshi, Run Run |
English magazine | Mixxzine, Smile |
Original run | December 28, 1991 – February 3, 1997 |
Volumes | 18 (List of volumes) |
Anime television series | |
Other media | |
|
Sailor Moon (美少女戦士セーラームーンBishōjo Senshi Sērā Mūn, originally translated as Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon[1] and later as Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon[2][3]) is a Japanese shōjo manga series written and illustrated by Naoko Takeuchi. It was originally serialized in Nakayoshi from 1991 to 1997; the 60 individual chapters were published in 18 tankōbon volumes. The series follows the adventures of a schoolgirl named Usagi Tsukino as she transforms into Sailor Moon to search for a magical artifact, the 'Legendary Silver Crystal' (「幻の銀水晶」Maboroshi no Ginzuishō, lit. 'Phantom Silver Crystal'). She leads a diverse group of comrades, the Sailor Soldiers (セーラー戦士Sērā Senshi) (Sailor Guardians in later editions) as they battle against villains to prevent the theft of the Silver Crystal and the destruction of the Solar System.
Read Sailor Moon Manga Online For Free
The manga was adapted into an anime series produced by Toei Animation and broadcast in Japan from 1992 to 1997.[4][5] Toei also developed three animated feature films, a television special, and three short films based on the anime. A live-action television adaptation, Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon, aired from 2003 to 2004, and a second anime series, Sailor Moon Crystal, began simulcasting in 2014. The manga series was licensed for an English language release by Kodansha Comics in North America, and in Australia and New Zealand by Random House Australia. The entire anime series has been licensed by Viz Media for an English language release in North America and by Madman Entertainment in Australia and New Zealand.
Since its release, Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon has received acclaim, with praise for its art, characterization, and humor. The manga has sold over 35 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling shōjo manga series. The franchise has also generated $13 billion in worldwide merchandise sales.
- 3Media
- 3.2Anime series
- 3.7Live-action series
Plot[edit]
In Juban, Tokyo, a middle-school student named Usagi Tsukino befriends Luna, a talking black cat who gives her a magical brooch enabling her to become Sailor Moon: a soldier destined to save Earth from the forces of evil. Luna and Usagi assemble a team of fellow Sailor Soldiers to find their princess and the Silver Crystal. They encounter the studious Ami Mizuno, who awakens as Sailor Mercury; Rei Hino, a local shrine maiden who awakens as Sailor Mars; Makoto Kino, a tall transfer student who awakens as Sailor Jupiter; and Minako Aino, a young aspiring idol who awakens as Sailor Venus, accompanied by her talking feline companion Artemis. Additionally, they befriend Mamoru Chiba, a high-school student who assists them on occasion as Tuxedo Mask.
In the first arc, the group battles the Dark Kingdom. Led by Queen Beryl, a team of generals—the Four Kings of Heaven (四天王Shiten'ō, lit. 'Four Heavenly Kings')—attempt to find the Silver Crystal and free an imprisoned, evil entity called Queen Metaria. Usagi and her team discover that in their previous lives they were members of the ancient Moon Kingdom in a period of time called the Silver Millennium. The Dark Kingdom waged war against them, resulting in the destruction of the Moon Kingdom. Its ruler Queen Serenity later sent her daughter Princess Serenity, her protectors the Sailor Soldiers, their feline advisers Luna and Artemis, and the princess's true love Prince Endymion into the future to be reborn through the power of the Silver Crystal. The team recognizes Usagi as the reincarnated Serenity and Mamoru as Endymion. The Soldiers kill the Four Kings, who turn out to have been Endymion's guardians who defected in their past lives. In a final confrontation with the Dark Kingdom, Minako kills Queen Beryl; she and the other Soldiers then sacrifice their lives in an attempt to destroy Queen Metaria. Using the Silver Crystal, Usagi defeats Metaria and resurrects her friends.
At the beginning of the second arc, Usagi and Mamoru's daughter Chibiusa arrives from the future to find the Silver Crystal. As a result, the Soldiers encounter Wiseman and his Black Moon Clan, who are pursuing her. Chibiusa takes the Soldiers to the future city Crystal Tokyo, where her parents rule as Neo-Queen Serenity and King Endymion. During their journey, they meet Sailor Pluto, guardian of the Time-Space Door. Pluto stops the Clan's ruler Prince Demand from destroying the spacetime continuum, leading to her death. Chibiusa later awakens as a Soldier—Sailor Chibi Moon and helps Usagi kill Wiseman's true form, Death Phantom.
The third arc revolves around a group of lifeforms called the Death Busters, created by Professor Soichi Tomoe, who seek to transport the entity Pharaoh 90 to Earth to merge with the planet. Tomoe's daughter, Hotaru, is possessed by the entity Mistress 9, who must open the dimensional gateway through which Pharaoh 90 must travel. Auto-racer Haruka Tenoh and violinist Michiru Kaioh appear as Sailor Uranus and Sailor Neptune, who guard the outer rim of the Solar System from external threats. Physics student Setsuna Meioh, Sailor Pluto's reincarnation, joins the protagonists. Usagi obtains the Holy Grail, transforms into Super Sailor Moon, and attempts to use the power of the Grail and the Silver Crystal to destroy Pharaoh 90. This causes Hotaru to awaken as Sailor Saturn, whom Haruka, Michiru, and Setsuna initially perceive as a threat. As the harbinger of death, Hotaru uses her power of destruction to sever Pharaoh 90 from the Earth and instructs Setsuna to use her power over time-space to close the dimensional gateway.
In the fourth arc, Usagi and her friends enter high school and fight against the Dead Moon Circus, led by Queen Nehelenia, the self-proclaimed 'rightful ruler' of both Silver Millennium and Earth. Nehelenia invades Elysion, which hosts the Earth's Golden Kingdom, capturing its High Priest Helios and instructing her followers to steal the Silver Crystal. As Prince Endymion, Mamoru is revealed to be the owner of the Golden Crystal, the sacred stone of the Golden Kingdom. Mamoru and the Soldiers combine their powers with those of the Holy Grail, enabling Usagi to transform into Eternal Sailor Moon and kill Nehelenia. Four of Nehelenia's henchmen, the Amazoness Quartet, are revealed to be Sailor Soldiers called the Sailor Quartet, who are destined to become Chibiusa's guardians in the future; they had been awakened prematurely and corrupted by Nehelenia.
In the fifth and final arc, Usagi and her friends are drawn into a battle against Shadow Galactica, a group of false Sailor Soldiers. Their leader, Sailor Galaxia, plans to steal the Sailor Crystals of true Soldiers to take over the galaxy and kill an evil lifeform known as Chaos. When Galaxia kills Mamoru and most of the Sailor Soldiers, she steals their Sailor Crystals. Usagi travels to the Galaxy Cauldron to defeat Galaxia and revive her teammates. Joining Usagi are the Sailor Starlights who come from the planet Kinmoku, their ruler Princess Kakyuu and the infant Sailor Chibichibi, who comes from the distant future. Later, Chibiusa and the Sailor Quartet join Usagi and company. After numerous battles and the death of Galaxia, Sailor Chibichibi reveals her true form as Sailor Cosmos. After defeating Chaos with the Silver Crystal, Usagi revives Mamoru and the Sailor Soldiers, before returning to Earth. The series ends with Usagi and Mamoru's wedding six years later.
Production[edit]
Naoko Takeuchi redeveloped Sailor Moon from her 1991 manga serial Codename: Sailor V, which was first published on August 20, 1991, and featured Sailor Venus as the main protagonist.[6] Takeuchi wanted to create a story with a theme about girls in outer space. While discussing with her editor Fumio Osano, he suggested the addition of Sailor fuku.[7] When Codename: Sailor V was proposed for adaptation into an anime by Toei Animation, Takeuchi redeveloped the concept so Sailor Venus became a member of a team.[8][9] The resulting manga series became a fusion of the popular magical girl genre and the Super Sentai series, of which Takeuchi was a fan.[10] Recurring motifs include astronomy,[7]astrology, gemology, Greek and Roman mythology,[11]Japanese elemental themes,[12]:286 teen fashions,[11][13] and schoolgirl antics.[13]
Takeuchi said discussions with Kodansha originally envisaged a single story arc;[14] the storyline was developed in meetings a year before serialization began.[15]:93 After completing the arc, Toei and Kodansha asked Takeuchi to continue the series. She wrote four more story arcs,[14] which were often published simultaneously with the five corresponding seasons of the anime adaptation. The anime ran one or two months behind the manga.[15]:93 As a result, the anime follows the storyline of the manga fairly closely, although there are deviations.[16] Takeuchi later said because Toei's production staff were mostly male, she feels the anime has 'a slight male perspective.'[16]
Takeuchi later said she planned to kill off the protagonists, but Osano rejected the notion and said, '[Sailor Moon] is a shōjo manga!' When the anime adaptation was produced, the protagonists were killed in the final battle with the Dark Kingdom, although they were revived. Takeuchi resented that she was unable to do that in her version.[17] Takeuchi also intended for the Sailor Moon anime adaptation to last for one season, but due to the immense popularity, Toei asked Takeuchi to continue the series. At first, she struggled to develop another storyline to extend the series. While discussing with Osano, he suggested the inclusion of Usagi's daughter from the future, Chibiusa.[17]
Media[edit]
Manga[edit]
Written and illustrated by Naoko Takeuchi, Sailor Moon was serialized in the monthly manga anthology Nakayoshi from December 28, 1991 to February 3, 1997.[6] The side-stories were serialized simultaneously in RunRun—another of Kodansha's manga magazines.[6] The 52 individual chapters were published in 18 tankōbon volumes by Kodansha from July 6, 1992, to April 4, 1997.[18][19] In 2003, the chapters were re-released in a collection of 12 shinzōban volumes to coincide with the release of the live-action series.[20] The manga was retitled Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon and included new cover art,[21] and revised dialogue and illustrations. The ten individual short stories were also released in 2 volumes.[22][23] In 2013, the chapters were once again re-released in 10 kanzenban volumes to commemorate the manga's 20th anniversary, which includes digitally remastered artwork, new covers and color artwork from its Nakayoshi run.[24] The books have been enlarged from the typical Japanese manga size to A5.[25][26] The short stories were republished in two volumes, with the order of the stories shuffled. Codename: Sailor V was also included in the third edition.[26]
The Sailor Moon manga was initially licensed for an English release by Mixx (later Tokyopop) in North America. The manga was first published as a serial in MixxZine beginning in 1997, but was later removed from the magazine and made into a separate, monthly comic to finish the first, second and third arcs. At the same time, the fourth and fifth arcs were printed in a secondary magazine called Smile.[27] The series was later collected into three-part graphic novels spanning eighteen volumes, which were published from December 1, 1998, to September 18, 2001.[28][29] Tokyopop's license expired in 2005 and its edition went out of print.[30] Daily pages from the Tokyopop version ran in the Japanimation Station, a service accessible to users of America Online.[31] In May 2005, Tokyopop's license to the Sailor Moon manga expired, and its edition went out of print.[32]
In 2011, Kodansha Comics announced it would publish the Sailor Moon manga and the lead-in series Codename: Sailor V in English.[33] It would also re-publish the twelve volumes of Sailor Moon simultaneously with the two-volume edition of Codename Sailor V, from September 2011 to July 2013.[34][35][36] The first volume of the two related short stories was published on September 10, 2013;[37] the other was published on November 26.[38]
The manga has also been licensed in other English-speaking countries. In the United Kingdom, the volumes are distributed by Turnaround Publisher Services.[39] In Australia, the manga is distributed by Penguin Books Australia.[40]
The manga has been licensed in Russia and CIS for distribution by XL-Media publishing company, a subdivision of Eksmo publishing company. The date of release is unknown.[41]
Anime series[edit]
Sailor Moon[edit]
Toei Animation produced an anime television series based on the 52 manga chapters, also titled Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon.[4][5] It was directed by Junichi Sato, Kunihiko Ikuhara and Takuya Igarashi.[42] The series premiered in Japan on TV Asahi on March 7, 1992, and ran for 200 episodes until its conclusion on February 8, 1997. Most of the international versions, including the English adaptations, are titled Sailor Moon.
Sailor Moon Crystal[edit]
On July 6, 2012, Kodansha and Toei Animation announced that it would commence production of a new anime adaptation of Sailor Moon, called Sailor Moon Crystal, for a simultaneous worldwide release in 2013 as part of the series' 20th anniversary celebrations.[43][44][45][46]Crystal premiered on July 5, 2014, and episodes would premiere on the first and third Saturdays of each month.[47]Kotono Mitsuishi reprised her role as Sailor Moon.[48] The first two seasons were released together, covering their corresponding arcs of the manga ('Dark Kingdom' and 'Black Moon'). A third season (subtitled 'Death Busters' based on the 'Infinity' arc on the manga) premiered on April 4, 2016.[49] On January 25, 2017, another sequel was announced.[50]
Films and television specials[edit]
Three animated theatrical feature films based on the original Sailor Moon series have been released in Japan. The films are side-stories that do not correlate with the timeline of the original series. A one-hour television special was aired on TV Asahi in Japan on April 8, 1995.[51] In 1997, an article in Variety stated that The Walt Disney Company was interested in acquiring the rights to Sailor Moon as a live action film to be directed by Stanley Tong.[52]
Companion books[edit]
There have been numerous companion books to Sailor Moon. Kodansha released some of these books for each of the five story arcs, collectively called the Original Picture Collection. The books contain cover art, promotional material and other work by Takeuchi. Many of the drawings are accompanied by comments on the way she developed her ideas, created each picture and commentary on the anime interpretation of her story.[1][53][54][55][56] Another picture collection, Volume Infinity, was released as a self-published, limited-edition artbook after the end of the series in 1997. This art book includes drawings by Takeuchi and her friends, her staff, and many of the voice actors who worked on the anime. In 1999, Kodansha published the Materials Collection; this contained development sketches and notes for nearly every character in the manga, and for some characters that never appeared. Each drawing includes notes by Takeuchi about costume pieces, the mentality of the characters and her feelings about them. It also includes timelines for the story arcs and for the real-life release of products and materials relating to the anime and manga. A short story, Parallel Sailor Moon is also featured, celebrating the year of the rabbit.[14]
Novels[edit]
Sailor Moon was also adapted for publication as novels and released in 1998. The first book was written by Stuart J. Levy and the following written by Lianne Sentar.[57]
Stage musicals[edit]
In mid-1993, the first musical theater production based on Sailor Moon premiered; Anza Ohyama starred as Sailor Moon. Thirty such musicals in all have been produced, with one in pre-production. The shows' stories include anime-inspired plotlines and original material. Music from the series has been released on about 20 memorial albums.[58] The popularity of the musicals has been cited as a reason behind the production of the live-action television series, Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon.[59]
During the original run musicals ran in the winter and summer of each year, with summer musicals staged at the Sunshine Theater in the Ikebukuro area of Tokyo. In the winter, musicals toured to other large cities in Japan, including Osaka, Fukuoka,[60]Nagoya, Shizuoka, Kanazawa, Sendai,[61]Saga, Oita, Yamagata and Fukushima.[62] The final incarnation of the first run, New Legend of Kaguya Island (Revised Edition) (新・かぐや島伝説 <改訂版>Shin Kaguyashima Densetsu (Kaiteban)), went on stage in January 2005, following which, Bandai officially put the series on a hiatus.[63] On June 2, 2013, Fumio Osano announced on his Twitter page that the Sailor Moon musicals would begin again in September 2013.[64] The 20th anniversary show La Reconquista ran from September 13 to 23 at Shibuya's AiiA Theater Tokyo, with Satomi Ōkubo as Sailor Moon. Satomi Ōkubo reprised the role in the 2014 production Petite Étrangère which ran from August 21 to September 7, 2014, again at AiiA Theater Tokyo.
Live-action series[edit]
Unmade American remake[edit]
In 1993, Renaissance-Atlantic Entertainment, Bandai and Toon Makers, Inc. conceptualized their own version of Sailor Moon, which was half live-action and half Western-style animation. Toon Makers produced a 17-minute proof of concept presentation video as well as a two-minute music video, both of which were directed by Rocky Sotoloff, for this concept. Renaissance-Atlantic presented the concept to Toei, but it was turned down as their concept would have cost significantly more than simply exporting and dubbing the anime adaptation.[65][unreliable source]
At the 1998 Anime Expo convention in Los Angeles, the music video was shown. It has since been copied numerous times and has been viewed on many streaming video sites. Because of the relatively poor quality of the source video and circulated footage, many anime fans thought that the music video was actually a leaked trailer for the project.[original research?] Additional copies of the footage have since been uploaded to the Internet and served only to bolster the mistaken assumption, in addition to incorrectly citing the production to Saban Entertainment, who became known for a similar treatment that created the Power Rangers series.[65]
In 1998, Frank Ward, along with his company Renaissance-Atlantic Entertainment, tried to revive the idea of doing a live-action series based on Sailor Moon, this time called Team Angel, without the involvement of Toon Makers. A 2-minute reel was produced and sent to Bandai America, but was also rejected.[66]
Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon[edit]
In 2003, Toei Company produced a Japanese live-action Sailor Moon television series using the new translated English title of Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon. Its 49 episodes were broadcast on Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting from October 4, 2003 to September 25, 2004.[67][68]Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon featured Miyuu Sawai as Usagi Tsukino, Rika Izumi (credited as Chisaki Hama) as Ami Mizuno, Keiko Kitagawa as Rei Hino, Mew Azama as Makoto Kino, Ayaka Komatsu as Minako Aino, Jouji Shibue as Mamoru Chiba, Keiko Han reprising her voice role as Luna from the original anime and Kappei Yamaguchi voicing Artemis. The series was an alternate retelling of the Dark Kingdom arc, adding a storyline different from that in the manga and first anime series, with original characters and new plot developments.[59][69] In addition to the main episodes, two direct-to-video releases appeared after the show ended its television broadcast. 'Special Act' is set four years after the main storyline ends, and shows the wedding of the two main characters. 'Act Zero' is a prequel showing the origins of Sailor V and Tuxedo Mask.[70]
Video games[edit]
The Sailor Moon franchise has spawned several video games across various genres and platforms. Most were made by Bandai and its subsidy Angel; others were produced by Banpresto. The early games were side-scrolling fighters; later ones were unique puzzle games, or versus fighting games. Another Story was a turn-based role-playing video game.[71] The only Sailor Moon game produced outside Japan, 3VR New Media's The 3D Adventures of Sailor Moon, went on sale in North America in 1997.[72] A video game called Sailor Moon: La Luna Splende (Sailor Moon: The Shining Moon) was released on March 16, 2011 for the Nintendo DS.[73]
Tabletop games[edit]
The Dyskami Publishing Company released Sailor Moon Crystal Dice Challenge, created by James Ernest of Cheapass Games and based on the Button Men tabletop game in 2017, and Sailor Moon Crystal Truth or Bluff in 2018.[74][75][76]
Theme park attractions[edit]
A Sailor Moon attraction, 'Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon: The Miracle 4-D', exists at Universal Studios Japan.[77]
Reception[edit]
Sailor Moon is one of the most popular manga series of all time and continues to enjoy high readership worldwide. More than one million copies of its tankōbon volumes had been sold in Japan by the end of 1995.[15]:95 By the series' 20th anniversary in 2012, the manga had sold over 35 million copies in over fifty countries,[78] and the franchise has generated $13 billion in worldwide merchandise sales as of 2014.[79] The manga won the Kodansha Manga Award in 1993 for shōjo.[80] The English adaptations of both the manga and the anime series became the first successful shōjo title in the United States.[81] The character of Sailor Moon is recognized as one of the most important and popular female superheroes of all time.[82][83][84][85]
Sailor Moon has also become popular internationally. Sailor Moon was broadcast in Spain and France beginning in December 1993; these became the first countries outside Japan to broadcast the series.[86] It was later aired in Russia, South Korea, the Philippines, China, Italy, Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia and Hong Kong, before North America picked up the franchise for adaptation. In the Philippines, Sailor Moon was one of its carrier network's main draws, helping it to become the third-biggest network in the country.[12]:10–11 In 2001, the Sailor Moon manga was Tokyopop's best selling property, outselling the next-best selling titles by at least a factor of 1.5.[87] In Diamond Comic Distributors's May 1999 'Graphic Novel and Trade Paperback' category, Sailor Moon Volume 3 was the best-selling comic book in the United States.[88]
In his 2007 book Manga: The Complete Guide, Jason Thompson gave the manga series three stars out of four. He enjoyed the blending of shōnen and shōjo styles and said the combat scenes seemed heavily influenced by Saint Seiya, but shorter and less bloody. He also said the manga itself appeared similar to Super Sentai television shows. Thompson found the series fun and entertaining, but said the repetitive plot lines were a detriment to the title, which the increasing quality of art could not make up for; even so, he called the series 'sweet, effective entertainment.'[81] Thompson said although the audience for Sailor Moon is both male and female, Takeuchi does not use excessive fanservice for males, which would run the risk of alienating her female audience. Thompson said fight scenes are not physical and 'boil down to their purest form of a clash of wills', which he says 'makes thematic sense' for the manga.[89]
Comparing the manga and anime, Sylvain Durand said the manga artwork is 'gorgeous', but its storytelling is more compressed and erratic and the anime has more character development. Durand said 'the sense of tragedy is greater' in the manga's telling of the 'fall of the Silver Millennium,' giving more detail about the origins of the Shitennou and on Usagi's final battle with Beryl and Metaria. Durand said the anime omits information that makes the story easy to understand, but judges the anime more 'coherent' with a better balance of comedy and tragedy, whereas the manga is 'more tragic' and focused on Usagi and Mamoru's romance.[90]
For the week of September 11, 2011, to September 17, 2011, the first volume of the re-released Sailor Moon manga was the best-selling manga on The New York Times Manga Best Sellers list, with the first volume of Codename: Sailor V in second place.[91][92] The first print run of the first volume sold out after four weeks.[93]
Legacy[edit]
With their dynamic heroines and action-oriented plots, many attribute the manga and anime series to reinvigorating the magical girl genre. After its success, many similar magical girl series, including Magic Knight Rayearth, Wedding Peach, Nurse Angel Ririka SOS, Saint Tail and Pretty Cure, emerged.[81]:199[94]Sailor Moon has been called 'the biggest breakthrough' in English-dubbed anime until 1995, when it premiered on YTV,[12]:10–11 and 'the pinnacle of little kid shōjo anime.'[95] Cultural anthropologist Matt Thorn said that soon after Sailor Moon, shōjo manga started appearing in book shops instead of fandom-dominated comic shops.[96] The series are credited as beginning a wider movement of girls taking up shōjo manga.[81][97] Canadian librarian Gilles Poitras defines a generation of anime fans as those who were introduced to anime by Sailor Moon in the 1990s, saying they were both much younger than other fans and were also mostly female.[94]
Historian Fred Patten credits Takeuchi with popularizing the concept of a Super Sentai-like team of magical girls,[98][99] and Paul Gravett credits the series with revitalizing the magical girl genre itself.[100] A reviewer for THEM Anime Reviews also credited the anime series with changing the genre—its heroine must use her powers to fight evil, not simply have fun as previous magical girls had done.[101] The series has also been compared to Mighty Morphin Power Rangers,[11][102]Buffy the Vampire Slayer[12]:281[103][104] and Sabrina the Teenage Witch.[105] Sailor Moon also influenced the development of Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir, W.I.T.C.H., Winx Club, LoliRock, Star vs. the Forces of Evil, and Totally Spies!.[106]
In western culture, Sailor Moon is sometimes associated with the feminist and Girl Power movements and with empowering its viewers,[107] especially regarding the 'credible, charismatic and independent' characterizations of the Sailor Soldiers, which were 'interpreted in France as an unambiguously feminist position'.[108] Although Sailor Moon is regarded as empowering to women and feminism in concept, through the aggressive nature and strong personalities of the Sailor Soldiers,[109] it is a specific type of feminist concept where 'traditional feminine ideals [are] incorporated into characters that act in traditionally male capacities'.[109] While the Sailor Soldiers are strong, independent fighters who thwart evil—which is generally a masculine stereotype—they are also ideally feminized in the transformation of the Sailor Soldiers from teenage girls into magical girls, with heavy emphasis on jewelry, make-up and their highly sexualized outfits with cleavage, short skirts, and accentuated waists.[11]
The most notable hyper-feminine features of the Sailor Soldiers—and most other females in Japanese girls' comics—are the girls' thin bodies, long legs, and, in particular, round, orb-like eyes.[11] Eyes are commonly known as the primal source within characters where emotion is evoked—sensitive characters have larger eyes than insensitive ones.[109] Male characters generally have smaller eyes that have no sparkle or shine in them like the eyes of the female characters.[109] The stereotypical role of women in Japanese culture is to undertake romantic and loving feelings;[11] therefore, the prevalence of hyper-feminine qualities like the openness of the female eye in Japanese girls' comics is clearly exhibited in Sailor Moon. Thus, Sailor Moon emphasizes a type of feminist model by combining traditional masculine action with traditional female affection and sexuality through the Sailor Soldiers.[109] Its characters are often described with 'catty stereotypes', Sailor Moon's character, in particular, being singled out as less than feminist.[110]
In English-speaking countries, Sailor Moon developed a cult following among anime fans and male university students.[11] Patrick Drazen says the Internet was a new medium that fans used to communicate and played a role in the popularity of Sailor Moon.[12]:281 Fans could use the Internet to communicate about the series, organize campaigns to return Sailor Moon to U.S. broadcast, to share information about episodes that had not yet aired, or to write fan fiction.[110][111] In 2004, one study said there were 3,335,000 websites about Sailor Moon, compared to 491,000 for Mickey Mouse.[112] Gemma Cox of Neo magazine said part of the series' allure was that fans communicated via the Internet about the differences between the dub and the original version.[113] The Sailor Moon fandom was described in 1997 as being 'small and dispersed.'[114] In a United States study, twelve children paid rapt attention to the fighting scenes in Sailor Moon, although when asked whether they thought Sailor Moon was violent, only two said yes and the other ten described the episodes as 'soft' or 'cute.'[115]
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- ^Matsumoto, Jon (June 19, 1996). 'Fans Sending an SOS for 'Sailor''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
- ^Faiola, Anthony (December 6, 2004). 'We're Playing Their Toons'. Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 11, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
- ^Cox, Gemma (January 2005). 'Shôjo Classic - Sailor Moon'. Neo. Archived from the original on January 1, 2008. Retrieved August 5, 2009.
- ^Updike, Edith (1997). 'The Novice Who Tamed The Web'. Business Week. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
- ^Allison, Anne (2001). 'Cyborg Violence: Bursting Borders and Bodies with Queer Machines'(PDF). Cultural Anthropology. Duke University. 16 (2): 237–265. doi:10.1525/can.2001.16.2.237. Archived from the original(PDF) on June 10, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sailor Moon. |
Sailor Moon Read Manga Online
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Sailor Moon |
- Official Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon 25th anniversary project website‹See Tfd›(in Japanese)
- Sailor Moon (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
- Sailor Moon at Curlie
- Bishōjo Senshi Sailor Moon on IMDb
- Sailor Moon at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on February 10, 2017.
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Sailor Moon
Sailor Moon and her Sailor Guardians fight to protect the universe from forces of evil and total annihilation.
Created by Naoko Takeuchi | MoreLess about Sailor Moon
SAILOR MOON is the quintessential magical girl phenomenon beloved worldwide that chronicles the adventures of a 14-year-old girl and her friends, chosen by destiny to defeat the forces of evil. Told between two beautiful anime series, SAILOR MOON has become cherished by fans for over 20 years.
Sailor Moon
Usagi Tsukino is a clumsy but kindhearted teenage girl who transforms into the powerful guardian of love and justice, Sailor Moon. Meeting allies along the way who share similar fates, Usagi and her team of planetary Sailor Guardians fight to protect the universe from forces of evil and total annihilation.
Sailor Moon Crystal
Based on Naoko Takeuchi’s mega-hit graphic novel series, Sailor Moon Crystal retells the origins of Sailor Moon, the kindhearted crybaby destined to protect the world from dark forces. When the evil Queen Metalia and her Dark Kingdom threatens Earth, Sailor Moon and her fellow Sailor Guardians must find the only power capable of vanquishing this ancient evil—The Legendary Silver Crystal! But a mysterious man calling himself Tuxedo Mask is also after this sacred treasure. What is his connection to Sailor Moon? And will the Sailor Guardians be able to find the Silver Crystal in time before the world falls into eternal darkness?
Sailor Moon
Usagi Tsukino is a clumsy but kindhearted teenage girl who transforms into the powerful guardian of love and justice, Sailor Moon. Meeting allies along the way who share similar fates, Usagi and her team of planetary Sailor Guardians fight to protect the universe from forces of evil and total annihilation.
Sailor Moon Crystal
Based on Naoko Takeuchi’s mega-hit graphic novel series, Sailor Moon Crystal retells the origins of Sailor Moon, the kindhearted crybaby destined to protect the world from dark forces. When the evil Queen Metalia and her Dark Kingdom threatens Earth, Sailor Moon and her fellow Sailor Guardians must find the only power capable of vanquishing this ancient evil—The Legendary Silver Crystal! But a mysterious man calling himself Tuxedo Mask is also after this sacred treasure. What is his connection to Sailor Moon? And will the Sailor Guardians be able to find the Silver Crystal in time before the world falls into eternal darkness?
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